Apparatus and method for extracting pathogens from biological samples

ABSTRACT

The disclosed embodiments related to an apparatus and methods for biological sample processing enabling isolation and concentration of microbial or pathogenic constituents from the sample. Sample may be obtained directly from a specimen container, such as a vacutainer, and processed directly without risk of user exposure. The disclosed methods and apparatus provide a convenient and inexpensive solution for rapid sample preparation compatible with downstream analysis techniques.

The instant disclosure claims priority to Non-Provisional applicationSer. No. 15/471,154, filed Mar. 28, 2017 which claims priority toProvisional Application No. 62/313,985, filed Mar. 28, 2016, thespecification of which is incorporated herein in its entirety.

FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE

The disclosure is directed generally to apparatus and methods forbiological sample processing including obtaining selected materials froma biological sample. More specifically, the disclosure relates to anapparatus and methods for isolating and concentrating microorganisms ofinterest from a biological sample such as blood, sputum, orcerebrospinal fluid.

BACKGROUND

Rapid isolation and collection of microorganisms, such as pathogenicbacteria, from biological samples is an important aspect to clinicalevaluation and testing. Accurate diagnosis and pathogen monitoring mayinvolve obtaining a sample from a subject, for example, in the form ofsputum, blood, tissue, urine, cerebrospinal fluid or other biologicalspecimen. Extraction techniques may then be used to isolate andconcentrate pathogens from the specimen. In some instances, intactpathogens may be desirably collected for culture or analysis while otherapproaches may enrich for nucleic acids, proteins or other biologicalindicators used to detect or identify the presence of a pathogen orinfectious agent within the sample.

Conventional methods for collecting microorganisms from a biologicalsample are typically slow and lack the ability to readily isolate andseparate small quantities of pathogens from larger sample volumes inwhich they are contained. Blood-based processing techniques may requirecentrifugation and withdrawal of sub-fractions from the sample to obtaincrude pathogen isolates. In some conventional processing workflows,technicians must work with open sample containers and perform transferoperations manually creating potential biological and exposure hazards.

A particular problem exists when attempting to extract and analyzepathogens from biological samples where the overall amount of the sampleis large or where the number of pathogens present is very small. In suchcircumstances, conventional processing techniques may not be able toefficiently concentrate and retain the microorganisms in a mannersuitable for rapid identification. In these and other regards, thepresent disclosure provides significant advances in sample processingand analysis techniques that facilitate and improve microorganismisolation and identification.

SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE

According to various embodiments, an apparatus and methods for rapidisolation, concentration, and purification of microbes/pathogens ofinterest from a raw biological sample such as blood is described.Samples may be processed directly from biological or clinical samplecollection vessels, such as vacutainers, by coupling with the sampleprocessing apparatus in such a manner that minimizes or eliminates userexposure and potential contamination issues. In various embodiments, theapparatus comprises a staged syringe or piston arrangement configured towithdraw a desired quantity of biological sample from a samplecollection vessel. The sample is then mixed with selected processingreagents preparing the sample for isolation of microbes or pathogenscontained therein. Sample processing may include liquefying orhomogenizing non-pathogenic components of the biological specimen andperforming various fluidic transfer operations induced by operation ofthe syringe or piston. The resulting sample constituents may beredirected to flow across a capture filter or membrane of appropriatesize or composition to capture specific microbes/pathogens or otherbiological sample constituents. Additional operations may be performedincluding washing and drying of the filter or membrane by action of thesyringe or piston. In various embodiments, sample backflow andcross-contamination within the device is avoided using one-way valvesthat direct sample fluids along desired paths while preventing leakage,backflow, and/or undesired sample movement.

The device may include a capture filter for retaining microbes/pathogensof interest allowing them to be readily separated from sample eluent orremaining fraction of the processed sample/waste. The capture filter maybe housed in a sealable container and can further be configured to bereceived directly by other sample processing/analytical instruments forperforming downstream operations such as lysis, elution, detection andidentification of the captured microbes/pathogens retained on thefilter/membrane.

The collector may comprise various features to facilitate automated orsemi-automated sample processing and include additional reagentscontained in at least one reservoir integrated into the collector topreserve or further process the isolated microbes/pathogens captured orcontained by the filter/membrane. In various embodiments, the collectormay contain constituents capable of chemically disinfecting the isolatedmicrobes/pathogens or render the sample non-infectious while preservingthe integrity of biological constituents associated with themicrobe/pathogen such as nucleic acids and/or proteins that may bedesirably isolated for subsequent downstream processing and analysis.The collector and associated instrument components may desirablymaintain the sample in an isolated environment avoiding samplecontamination and/or user exposure to the sample contents.

In various embodiments, this present disclosure describes an apparatusthat permits rapid and semi-automated isolation and extraction ofmicroorganisms such as bacteria, virus, spores, and fungi or constituentbiomolecules associated with the microorganisms, such as nucleic acidsand/or proteins from a biological sample without extensive hands-onprocessing or lab equipment. The apparatus has the further benefit ofconcentrating the microbes, pathogens, or associatedbiomolecules/biomaterial of interest. For example, bacteria, virus,spores, or fungi present in the sample (or nucleic acids and/or proteinsassociated therewith) may be conveniently isolated from the originalsample material and concentrated on the filter or membrane.Concentration in this manner increases the efficiency of the downstreamassays and analysis improving detection sensitivity by providing lowerlimits of detection relative to the input sample.

The sample preparation apparatus of the present disclosure may furtherbe adapted for use with analytical devices and instruments capable ofprocessing and identifying the microorganisms and/or associatedbiomolecules present within the biological sample. In variousembodiments, the sample collector and various other components of thesystem can be fabricated from inexpensive and disposable materials suchas molded plastic that are compatible with downstream sample processingmethods and economical to produce. Such components may be desirablysealed and delivered in a sterile package for single use therebyavoiding potential contamination of the sample contents or exposure ofthe user while handling. In various embodiments, the reagents of thesample collector provide for disinfection of the sample constituentssuch that may be disposed of without risk or remaining infectious orhazardous. The sample collector provides simplified workflows and doesnot require specialized training or procedures for handling anddisposal.

In various embodiments, the automated and semi-automated processingcapabilities of the system simplify sample preparation and processingprotocols. A practical benefit may be realized in an overall reductionin the number of required user operations, interactions, or potentialsample exposures as compared to conventional sample processing systems.This results in lower user training requirements and fewer user-inducedfailure points. In still other embodiments, the system advantageouslyprovides effective isolation and/or decontamination of a sampleimproving overall user safety while at the same time preserving sampleintegrity, for example by reducing undesirable sample degradation.

Additional objects and advantages of the disclosed embodiments will beset forth in part in the description that follows, and in part will beapparent from the description, or may be learned by practice of thedisclosed embodiments. It is to be understood that both the foregoinggeneral description and the following detailed description are exemplaryand explanatory only and are not restrictive of the scope of disclosedembodiments.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

These and other embodiments of the disclosure will be discussed withreference to the following exemplary and non-limiting illustrations, inwhich like elements are numbered similarly, and where:

FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of the sample processingapparatus of the disclosure.

FIG. 2 illustrates an expanded cross-sectional view of the valve bodyfor an exemplary sample processing apparatus of the disclosure.

FIG. 3A illustrates detail view for a piercing member and an exemplaryfirst position to provide an automatic or predetermined multi-stagefluidic release capability according to one embodiments of thedisclosure.

FIG. 3B illustrates detail view for a piercing member and an exemplarysecond position to provide an automatic or predetermined multi-stagefluidic release capability according to one embodiments of thedisclosure.

FIGS. 4A illustrates a first step in an exemplary process where theplunger is withdrawn to introduce relative negative pressure in thesample tube.

FIG. 4B illustrates a second step in an exemplary process where theplunger is compressed to introduce relative positive pressure in thereservoirs.

FIG. 4C illustrates a third step in an exemplary process where thesyringe is compressed into a final position.

FIG. 4D illustrates certain components of an exemplary embodiment of thedisclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

An illustration of one embodiment of the sample processing apparatus 100of the present disclosure is depicted in FIG. 1. The apparatus 100 maybe configured with a multi-stage syringe 110 FIG. 4A) having an outletthat mates or joins with a syringe coupler 115 provided on a valve body120. The valve body 120 is further configured to mate or join with acapture tube or reservoir 125 and a sample tube or reservoir 130 viacapture tube coupler 135 and sample tube coupler 140 respectively. Aswill be described in greater detail hereinbelow the valve body 120comprises a sample delivery assembly having one or more valves andsample flow paths that allow sample 142 contained in a sample collectiontube 130 to be withdrawn and distributed by operation of the syringe110.

In various embodiments, the syringe 110 may comprise a two-stageassembly having an inner plunger/piston 155 and inner barrel 160. Theinner barrel 160 may also serve as or be associated with an outerplunger/piston 165 that operates in connection with an outer barrel 170.The outer barrel 170 mates with the valve body 120 by the syringecoupler 115 such that sample 142 may be drawn into the barrel 170. Afirst plunger tip or gasket 175 separates an outer barrel reservoir 180from and inner barrel reservoir 185 (FIG. 2). Each reservoir 180, 185may contain various reagents and components used in sample processing.

The outer barrel reservoir 180 may contain a first processing fluid suchas a liquefaction reagent 187 selected based on the sample type and whenmixed with the sample 142 may result, for example, in breaking downselected constituents of the sample 142. The constituents may includeblood cells, sputum, or other components that are to be made todesirably pass through the capture tube 125 without being retained suchthat they may be separated from microbes/pathogens which will beretained by the sample tube 125. The liquefaction fluid 187 may bepreloaded in the reservoir 180 in a predetermined quantity such that theapparatus 100 is made ready-to-use requiring little or no significantpreparation before introduction of the sample 142. The reservoir 180 mayfurther be sized to accommodate a selected volume of liquefaction fluid187 and additionally provide an air volume 189. As will be described ingreater detail, providing a selected volume of air 189 facilitatessample processing such as mixing and sample distribution to othercomponents within the apparatus 100.

The inner barrel reservoir 185 may contain a second processing fluidsuch as a wash reagent 192 used to further process the sample 142.Similar to the first processing fluid 187, the second processing fluid192 may be preloaded in the reservoir 185 in a predetermined quantity.The reservoir 185 may also be sized to accommodate a selected volume ofair 194 facilitating sample processing and distribution.

By operation of the plunger 165, sample 142 may be drawn from the sampletube 130 through the valve body 120 and introduced into the outerreservoir 180 where it is mixed with the first processing fluid 187. Theresulting mixture may then be expelled through the capture tube 125 intothe waste receptacle 145. As part of this operation, microbes/pathogensreleased or present in the sample 142 may be captured and retained on afilter/membrane (not shown in FIG. 1) associated with the capture tube125 thereby separating them from the rest of the processed sample. Adesirable aspect of this approach, is that significant volumes of samplecan be passed through the capture tube 125 retaining microbes/pathogenscontained therein and effectively concentrating or localizing them onthe filter/membrane.

The volume of air 189 contained in the reservoir 170 can then be made topass over the filter and retained microbes/pathogens to aid in removingresidual first processing fluid 187 and efficiently expelling into thewaste reservoir 145. As will be described in greater detail, the airvolume 189 may also provide separation between additional processingsteps where the second processing fluid 192 is exposed to the sampleconstituents including the microbes/pathogens retained on thefilter/membrane.

FIG. 2 illustrates an expanded cross-sectional view of the valve body120 for the sample processing apparatus 100. Channels 205 fluidicallyconnect the sample tube 130 with the syringe 110 and the capture tube125. According to various embodiments, fluidic restrictors or one wayvalves 210, 215 may be provided that moderate and direct the flow ofsample and fluid within the channels 205. These valves 210, 215 maycomprise a diaphragm or other device that prevents backflow into aparticular component of the assembly 100. For example, the sample tubevalve 210 may permit sample (e.g. blood) to be drawn from the sampletube 130 into selected channels 205 when the plunger 155 is actuated ina first direction (e.g. fluid draw). Sample passes through the channels205 and into the syringe reservoir 180 where it may mix with the firstprocessing reagent 187. The one-way capture tube valve 215 may preventor restrict entry of fluid into the capture tube 125 during the samplefluid draw stage from the sample tube 130.

Subsequent actuation of the inner barrel/outer plunger 160, 165 in asecond direction (e.g. fluid push) may result in the one-way valve 210associated with the sample tube 130 remaining closed thereby preventingfluid flow into the sample tube 130. Substantially simultaneously, theone-way valve 215 associated with the capture tube 125 may permit fluidflow into the capture tube 125 allowing processed sample (e.g. samplemixed with processing fluid) to pass through a filter/membrane 220 usedto separate microbes/pathogens from the remainder of the sample eluent.

According to various embodiments, a needle or piercing member 225 may bepositioned in a manner to allow penetration of the gasket 175 creating afluidic interconnection between the first and second reservoirs 180,185. Operation of the outer plunger 165 may thus first draw sample 142from the sample tube 130 into the first reservoir 180 and upon expulsionof the sample/first processing fluid mixture through the capture tube125 position the gasket 175 such that it engages with the piercingmember 225 creating a hole or channel in the gasket 175. Secondprocessing fluid 192 may then be introduced into the channels 205 byoperation of the inner plunger 155 which expels the second processingfluid 192 from the second reservoir 185 either into the first reservoir180 or directly into the channels 205.

As previously noted, the air volume 189 present in the first reservoircreates a gap that permits the first processing fluid 187 to besubstantially or completely expelled from the first reservoir 180 priorto piercing of the gasket 175 and entry of the second processing fluid192 into the first reservoir 180 and/or channels 205. Such aconfiguration may be desirable to maintain separation between the twoprocessing fluids 187, 192 and provides a means by which to conductsubstantially different steps or treatments on the sample and/orretained microbes. For example, the first processing fluid 187 may beused to liquefy the sample breaking it down into a form that allowspassage through the filter 220 while the second processing fluid 192 maybe subsequently introduced as a wash, preservative, or lysis agent forthe microbes/pathogens retained on the filter 220.

It will be appreciated that the configuration of the apparatus 100desirably provides a closed or sealed environment for sample processing.Sample can be conveniently withdrawn from the sample tube 130 and aseries of one or more processing steps conducted using the sample 142with various processing fluids 187, 192 without having to individuallyhandle or measure the fluidic components. Operation of the assembly 100may further be conducted manually or using an instrument or apparatusconfigured to impart desired mechanical drawing and pushing forces onthe plunger(s) 155, 165. The resulting filter 220 containing isolatedmicrobes as well as the capture sample eluent retained in the reservoir145 may be used in further operations, processing steps, and analysis.

FIGS. 3AB illustrate further detail views for the needle or piercingmember 225 and exemplary positioning and penetration of the gasket 175to provide an automatic or predetermined multi-stage fluidic releasecapability for the syringe 110. FIG. 3A illustrates exemplarypositioning of the needle 225 prior to piercing the seal/gasket 175. Asindicated, the reservoirs 180, 185 and processing reagents 187, 192 aremaintained separately before penetration of the gasket 175. The firstprocessing reagent 187 may further interact with the sample 142 and beexpelled from the syringe 110.

As shown in FIG. 3B, actuation or displacement of the plunger 165 isthen conducted sufficient to engage the needle 225 with the gasket 175resulting in piercing of the seal 175 and permitting the secondprocessing fluid 192 to enter through the newly created channel. Invarious embodiments, the needle 225 includes a channel extending throughits length for fluid passage, however, the fluid may also be allowed toescape or pass around the piercing member 225 into the first reservoir180 directly. Further actuation or displacement of the inner plunger 155(not shown in FIG. 3) permits the second processing fluid 192 to beexpelled from the inner reservoir 185.

FIGS. 4A-D illustrate operation of the sample processing apparatus 100.As indicated by the arrows depicting fluidic movement in the valve bodyof FIG. 4A, sample may be withdrawn from the sample tube, pass throughthe one or more channels and mix with the first processing reagent inthe syringe reservoir. The first processing reagent may react orinteract with the sample to achieve a desired state or composition. Forexample, as shown in the figure, mixing of sample with the firstprocessing reagent results in the formation of a liquefied samplesuitable for passage through the sample collector. Exemplary operationof the plunger in a draw direction as indicated by the arrow in FIG. 4Aintroduces the sample to liquefaction fluid.

As shown in FIG. 4B, upon suitable mixing of sample and first processingfluid, the mixture may be expelled or passed through the capture tube bycompression or actuation of the outer plunger. The capture filterprovides a desired surface or medium by which to retain and concentrateselected components of the processed sample. For example,microbes/pathogens may be retained on a filter or membrane havingsuitable porosity or molecular composition to permit passage of theprocessed liquid sample while selectively capturing microorganisms orother desired sample constituents.

As shown in FIG. 4C, further compression or actuation of the innerplunger engages the needle with the gasket and releases the secondprocessing fluid into the channels of the valve body. The secondprocessing fluid release may be preceded by a flow of air through thechannels resultant from the air volume contained in the first reservoiraiding in purging the first fluidic mixture from the assembly andfurther improving the capture or retention of desired sampleconstituents on the filter or membrane. Fully compressing the innerplunger purges the second processing fluid from the inner reservoir andpermits its interaction with the retained sample constituents. Thismulti-step process allows for sequential operations to be performed onthe sample, for example to capture microbes on the filter andsubsequently wash or elute desired constituents from the filter.

As shown in FIG. 4D, the sample processing assembly may be configured asseparable subassemblies such that the sample tube retaining desiredmicrobes or other constituents resultant from sample processing may beconveniently and quickly removed for further processing and/or analysis.In various embodiments, the components of the apparatus are fabricatedfrom inexpensive materials and may be configured for single use ordisposable. Additionally, the separable aspects of the apparatus aid inmaintaining sterility and/or preventing contamination of thecollected/retained material while reducing risk of exposure to the user.

The item 127 is an optional cap for the Sample Tube. The optional capmay contain the amplification reagent (under a foil seal that ispunctured upon assembly), which may attach after the capture and washprocess is completed and before the Sample Tube is transferred to theinstrument.

An exemplary sample processing system that may be adapted for use withthe apparatus and sample capture tube of the present disclosure forautomated or semi-automated sample processing is described in commonlyassigned PCT Application Serial PCT/US2013/075430 (Publication #WO2014093973) entitled “METHOD FOR CENTRIFUGE MOUNTABLE MANIFOLD FORPROCESSING FLUIDIC ASSAYS” to John Nobile, the contents of which arehereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. It will be appreciatedby those of skill in the art that the methods and apparatus of thepresent disclosure may be adapted to other platforms and configurationsfor sample processing and as such other embodiments and adaptations areconsidered within the scope of the present teachings.

The following examples are provided to further illustrate differentembodiments of the disclosure. The examples are demonstrative andnon-limiting in nature.

Example 1 is directed to an apparatus to capture pathogens from abiological sample, the apparatus comprising: a valve body to fluidicallycouple a sample tube to each of a syringe body and a capture tube, thevalve body having a sample inlet, a first outlet, a second outlet, achannel to connect the sample inlet with each of the first and thesecond outlets, a first one-way valve to connect the sample inlet withthe channel, a second one-way valve to connect the channel to the secondoutlet; a syringe body having an outer barrel and an inner barrel, theouter barrel further comprising a first reservoir containing a firstreagent; and a plunger piston configured to moveably couple to the outersyringe barrel, the plunger piston comprising an inner syringe barrel,and outer syringe barrel and a puncture-able separator positionedbetween the first and second reservoirs, the inner syringe barreldefining a second reservoir to receive a second reagent; wherein thepuncture-able separator is configured to provide automatic sequentialdelivery of the first and second reagents.

Example 2 is directed to the apparatus of example 1, wherein the valvebody is configured to receive a sample tube and fluidically connect thesample to the inlet channel.

Example 3 is directed to the apparatus of example 2, wherein the valvebody further comprises a piercing member configured to pierce thepuncture-able separator to thereby access the second reagent.

Example 4 is directed to the apparatus of example 3, wherein thepiercing member is configured to enter the second reservoir when theouter syringe, containing the first reagent, is nearly fully displaced,and the first reservoir is substantially empty.

Example 5 is directed to the apparatus of example 4, wherein the firstand second reservoirs are separated by an elastomer diaphragm.

Example 6 is directed to the apparatus of example 2, wherein the valvebody further comprises at least one inlet piercing member, the inletpiercing member configured to couple through the one-way valve to thesample tube.

Example 7 is directed to the apparatus of example 2, wherein the valvebody further comprises a first and a second piercing members configuredto enter the sample tube, the first piercing member to fluidicallycouple to the channel, the second piercing member to fluidicallycommunicate with the ambient.

Example 8 is directed to the apparatus of example 7, wherein the secondpiercing0 member further comprises a one-way valve to allow ingress ofambient air into the sample tube.

Example 9 is directed to the apparatus of example 1, further comprisinga capture tube to removably connect to the valve body, the capture tubehaving at least one filter membrane configured such that all fluidsexiting the valve body pass through the at least one membrane.

Example 10 is directed to the apparatus of example 1, wherein the firstone-way valve opens under a relative negative pressure on the syringeside of the valve and closes under a relative positive pressure on thesyringe side of the valve.

Example 11 is directed to the apparatus of example 1, wherein the secondone-way valve opens under a relative positive pressure on the syringeside of the valve, and closes under a relative negative pressure on thesyringe side of the valve.

Example 12 is directed to a method to hermetically and sequentially mixa sample with a first processing fluid to form a first mixture and washmaterial captured from the first mixture with a second processing fluid,the method comprising: receiving a sample vessel containing a biologicalsample; applying a relative negative pressure to the sample vessel totransfer at least a portion of the sample from the sample vessel to thefirst reservoir, allowing a portion of the sample to admix with thefirst processing fluid to form the first mixture; applying an externalrelative positive pressure to the first reservoir by applying a pressureto the second processing fluid reservoir in physical communication withthe first reservoir to expel a quantity of the first mixture from thefirst reservoir; and continuing to apply the external pressure, causingthe second processing fluid to be released from the second reservoir.

Example 13 is directed to the method of example 12, wherein the step ofapplying an external positive pressure to the first reservoir furtherexerts the external positive pressure to the first admixture.

Example 14 is directed to the method of example 12, wherein continualapplication of external pressure delivers the second fluid by creatingan opening in a barrier between the first and second reservoirs.

Example 15 is directed to the method of example 14, wherein the openingin the barrier places the second reservoir in fluidic communication onlywith a fluid exit channel which leads to a capture area.

Example 16 is directed to the method of example 12, further comprisingfiltering the first admixture through a membrane.

Example 17 is directed to the method of example 16, wherein the step ofapplying a relative negative pressure further comprises purging air fromthe first reservoir to substantially dry the membrane after the firstadmixture has passed through the membrane.

Example 18 is directed to method of example 12, wherein the sampledefines biological fluid that may contain pathogens therein.

Example 19 relates to an apparatus to mix a sample with a pre-definedreagent, the apparatus comprising: a syringe body having an outer barreland an inner barrel; a plunger piston configured to moveably couple tothe syringe body, the plunger piston having a reservoir and a plungergasket, the plunger gasket to sealingly couple the plunger piston withthe inner barrel of the syringe, the plunger piston further having areservoir to receive a second reagent; and a valve body to fluidicallycouple to the syringe body, the valve body having an inlet, a firstoutlet, a second outlet, a channel connecting the inlet with the firstand the second outlets, a first one-way valve connecting the inlet withthe channel and a second one-way valve connecting the channel to thesecond outlet.

Example 20 is directed to apparatus of example 19, wherein the outerbarrel mates with the valve body through syringe coupler 115.

Example 21 is directed to the apparatus of example 19, wherein the valvebody is configured to receive a sample tube and connect the sample tubeto the inlet.

Example 22 is directed to the apparatus of example 19, wherein theplunger further comprises an auxiliary reservoir to receive a secondprocessing fluid.

Example 23 is directed to the apparatus of example 22, wherein the valvebody further comprises a piercing member to pierce the plunger gasket tothereby access the second reagent.

Example 24 is directed to the apparatus of example 22, wherein thepiercing member is configured to extends to the auxiliary reservoir.

Example 25 is directed to the apparatus of example 22, wherein theplunger reservoir and the plunger auxiliary reservoir are separated by adiaphragm.

Example 26 is directed to the apparatus of example 21, wherein the valvebody further comprises at least one inlet piercing member, the at leastone inlet piercing member configured to couple the valve channel withthe sample tube.

Example 27 is directed to the apparatus of example 19, furthercomprising a capture tube to connect the valve body to couple to thevalve body, the capture tube having a filter membrane to capture atleast one effluent from the second outlet of the valve body.

Example 28 is directed to the apparatus of example 19, wherein the firstone-way valve opens under a relative negative pressure and closes undera relative positive pressure.

Example 29 is directed to the apparatus of example 19, wherein thesecond one-way valve closes under a relative negative pressure andcloses under a relative positive pressure.

Example 30 is directed to a method to hermetically and sequentially mixa sample with a first processing fluid and a second processing fluid,the method comprising: receiving a sample quantity at a samplereservoir; receiving a quantity of the first processing fluid at a firstreservoir and a quantity of the second processing fluid at a secondreservoir, the first reservoir and the second reservoir fluidicallyseparated by a gasket; pressurizing the sample reservoir to transfer atleast a sample portion from the sample reservoir to the first reservoirand allowing the portion of the sample portion to admix with the firstprocessing fluid to form a first mixture; exerting a first pressure onthe first reservoir to expel a quantity of the first mixture from thefirst reservoir; exerting a second pressure on the first reservoir tointroduce the second processing fluid to a portion of the firstadmixture to thereby form a second admixture; and exerting a thirdpressure on the first reservoir to expel a quantity of the secondadmixture.

Example 31 is directed to the method of example 30, wherein the firstpressure is a relative negative pressure and the second pressure is asubstantially positive pressure.

Example 32 is directed to the method of example 30, wherein the step ofexerting a second pressure on the first reservoir to introduce thesecond processing fluid to a portion of the first admixture to therebyform a second admixture further comprises creating an opening in thegasket.

Example 33 is directed to the method of example 30, further comprisingfiltering the first admixture through a membrane.

Example 34 is directed to the method of example 33, wherein the step ofexerting a first pressure on the first reservoir to expel a quantity ofthe first mixture from the first reservoir further comprises purging airfrom the first reservoir so as to substantially dry the membrane afterthe first admixture has passed through the membrane.

Example 35 is directed to the method of example 30, wherein the sampledefines biological fluid having pathogens therein.

Example 36 is directed to the method of example 30, further comprisingsealing the sample reservoir after the first pressure is ceased suchthat substantially no further sample is expelled from the firstreservoir.

Example 37 is directed to the method of example 30, wherein the step ofexerting a second pressure on the first reservoir to introduce thesecond processing fluid to a portion of the first admixture to therebyform a second admixture further comprises continuing exerting the secondpressure to expel the first admixture from the second reservoir.

While the principles of the disclosure have been illustrated in relationto the exemplary embodiments shown herein, the principles of thedisclosure are not limited thereto and include any modification,variation or permutation thereof.

1. An apparatus to capture pathogens from a biological sample, theapparatus comprising: a valve body to fluidically couple a sample tubeto each of a syringe body and a capture tube, the valve body having asample inlet, a first outlet, a second outlet, a channel to connect thesample inlet with each of the first and the second outlets, a firstone-way valve to connect the sample inlet with the channel, a secondone-way valve to connect the channel to the second outlet; a syringebody having an outer barrel and an inner barrel, the outer barrelfurther comprising a first reservoir containing a first reagent; and aplunger piston configured to moveably couple to the outer syringebarrel, the plunger piston comprising an inner syringe barrel, and outersyringe barrel and a puncture-able separator positioned between thefirst and second reservoirs, the inner syringe barrel defining a secondreservoir to receive a second reagent; wherein the puncture-ableseparator is configured to provide automatic sequential delivery of thefirst and second reagents.